ManualStrategy and General DesignStrategic issuesTunnel: a complex systemSteps of tunnel lifeGeneral design of the tunnelTunnel renovation & upgradingCosts & financial aspectsComplex underground networksRegulations - RecommendationsConstruction and GeometryConstructionTunnel traffic capacityGeneral alignmentCarriageway geometryEmergency exitsFacilities for vehiclesOther facilitiesVentilation ConceptsVentilation principlesDesign and dimensioningControl and monitoringSustainability IssuesEconomic issuesEnvironmental issuesSocietal issuesEnergy consumptionSafetySafety PrinciplesIntegrated approachSafety assessment principlesExperience from past incidentsHuman factors - tunnel usersHuman factors - operatorsDG transport regulationsSpecific hazards in TunnelsSignificant incidentsCollisionsFiresHazards due to DG-transportSecurity aspectsSafety measuresPreventionMitigationSelf-RescueEmergency responseMeasures for DG-transportSafety proceduresTools for safety managementRisk assessmentDG transport/Risk assessmentImproving safetyIncident dataSafety inspectionsSafety documentationEmergency exercisesTraining of emergency servicesEquipment & systemsGeneral SupportElectrical power supplyTunnel lighting systemTunnel ventilation systemSCADATraffic managementSigns/signals in the tunnelApproach signs/signalsPortal message signsDiversion signs/signalsTunnel closure barriersMonitoring/Incident detectionCCTV systemEmergency telephonesDoors and extinguishersManual call pointsAutomatic Incident DetectionFire detection systemsCommunicating with usersRadio break-in systemsPublic Address systemsEvacuation aidsEvacuation route signsLow level evacuation lightingCross-bore doors and signsSound beaconsMitigation of fire hazardsManual fire extinguishersTunnel ventilation systemsFixed fire fighting systemsTunnel materials reaction to fireFire resistance of structuresFire resistance of equipmentEmergency services responseRadio communicationPortal smoke control panelsFire mains and hydrant systemsOperation and maintenanceOperationOperational tasksStakeholder cooperationOrganisation of operationsOperation of complex tunnelsOperating proceduresVentilation strategiesOperational costsStaff-related issuesIncident feedbackMaintenance & RefurbishmentShort/low traffic tunnelsMaintenanceMaintenance of equipmentLife cycle of tunnel equipmentTechnical inspectionsMaintenance of complex tunnelsWinter maintenanceCivil worksRefurbishment & UpgradingGeneral planningSafety issuesEnvironmental questionsConstruction site organizationTraffic managementVentilation issuesEnvironmental mattersImpact on outside air qualityNoise and vibrationWater impactSustainable operationSustainable energy consumptionOther pagesToolsGlossaryUseful linksAcronyms